Etika perang dalam al-qur’an:Studi kasus ayat-ayat tentang ash’hur al-ḥurum

Sayyida Sayyida; Abolfazl Tajik

doi:10.62475/sibook.v3i1.30

Authors

Sayyida Sayyida Ahlul Bayt International University Tehran, Iran , Universitas AhlulBayt International Iran Author
Abolfazl Tajik Universitas AhlulBayt International Iran , Ahlul Bayt International University Tehran, Iran Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62475/sibook.v3i1.30

Keywords:

War, Ethics, Tafsir, Ashhur al-Hurum

Abstract

Ashhur al Hurum is a holy month which is the connection between humans and God in the great pilgrimage conference and provides a favorable foundation for being on the divine path of avoiding war, hostility, hatred and conflict.

In the interpretation of the verses about Ashhur al-Ḥurum there are several ethics of war in Islam. After reviewing and analyzing the problem, this research reached the following findings: first, An-Nasa is the postponement of the forbidden time from its place to alleviate the consequences of the prohibition. Second, three consecutive months and one separately for the Hajj and Umrah rituals, so one month is prohibited before the month of Hajj namely Dhulqo'dah because they refrain from war and the month of Dhulḥijjah they are forbidden because they perform Hajj in it and carry out worship and it is forbidden after that the following month namely Muharram to return home safely and Rajab is prohibited in the middle of the year to visit home and use it for those who come from far away to visit and return to their homeland safely. Third, humans do not give up weapons all at once during war and do not give up hostility and hatred. This is an opportunity for intellectuals and each ethnic group to hold an initial meeting by providing a dialogue platform and completing it comprehensively within a three-month period and returning peace and tranquility to society.

The aim of this research is to construct and provide an Islamic religious perspective regarding the ethics of war, using analytical descriptive methods, this research answers Islamic (Qur'anic) problems. How do the verses of Ash'hur al-Ḥurum inform the ethical dimensions of war, and what the relevance of the construction connecting the message of Ash'hur al-Ḥurum's verses with the discourse on war ethics in general.

Author Biography

Abolfazl Tajik, Universitas AhlulBayt International Iran, Ahlul Bayt International University Tehran, Iran

Assistant Professor of the Religions and Mysticism Department, AhlulBayt International University, Iran. Tehran.

References

Alfan, Muhammad, Filsafat Etika Islam, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2011).

Al-Andalusy, Imam Abu Hayyan , An-Nahru al-Maddu min al-Bahrul Muhit Jilid 3, (Beirut: 1995).

al-Hasan, Abu Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Basri al-Bagdhadi al-Mawardi. An-Nukât wa al-„Uyūn, (Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah).

Al-Bukhari, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Isma‟il Ensiklopedia Hadis Shahih Bukhari jilid 2, (Jakarta: Almahira, 2012).

Al-Khawarizmi, Abu al-Qasim Jarullah Mahmud bin Umar az-Zamakhsyari Tafsir al-Kasysyaf, (Beirut: Dar al-Marefah,2009)

Al-Manshury, Musthafa al-Hasan, Al-Muqtatof min Uyun at-Tafasir Jilid 2, (Kairo: Dar as-Salam, 1996).

Al-Maragi, Mustafa, Ulumu al-Balaghah al-Bayan wa al-Ma‟‟ani wa al- Badi‟, (Beirut: Dar al-Ulum, 1984).

Al-Mubarakfuri, Shafiyyurahman, Shahih Tafsir Ibnu Katsir, terj. Al- Mishbaahul Muniir fii Tahdziibi Tafsiiri Ibni Katsir, terj. Ahmad Saikhu, (Jakarta: Pustaka Ibnu Katsir, 2016).

Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf, Bagaimana Berinteraksi dengan Al-Qur`an , terj. Kaifa Nata „Alamu Ma„a Al-Qur`an al-„azhim terj. Kathur Suhardi, (Jakarta: Pustaka Kautsar, 2000)

Al-Qattan, Manna‟ Khalil, Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur`an, terj. Mabahits fi Ulumil Qur‟an terj. Mudzakir AS., (Bogor: Pustaka Litera Antar Nusa, 2009).

Al-Qusyairi, Muslim bin al-Hajjaj Ensiklopedia Hadis 4, Shahih Muslim 2, terj. Masyhari dan Tatam Wijaya, (Jakarta: Almahira, 2012).

Al-Zarkasyi, al-Burhan fi Ulum Al-Qur‟an jil. 2 Kairo: Dar al-Turas, 1984 Amal, Taufik Adnan Rekonstruksi Sejarah Al-Qur`an, (Ciputat: Pustaka Alvabet, 2013).

Begby, Endre dkk, The Ethics of War Part 1 : Historical Trends, (Academia Edu Philosophy Compass Black Well Publishing, 2012)

Brik, Hedi, Bulan Suci atau Yurisprudensi Suci, (Tunisia, HiwarNet 2016)

Husein, Harahap Saddam Perang dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an (Kajian Terhadap Ayat-ayat Qitāl) Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara Medan, 2016)

Hutchinson, Allan C. , Fighting Fair Legal Ethics For An Adversarial Age, (Cambridge University, 2015)

Hawwa, Sa‟id, al-Asas fi at-Tafsir jilid 4 tt Heruddin, Karakteristik Sastra Arab pada masa Pra-Islam, Jurnal Nady al- Adab, Volume 12, Nomor 1, Februari, 2018, h. 38. Sastra Asia Barat Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab Jil. 10, (Beirut: Dar ihya al-Turats al-‘Arabi, 1999).

Ibnu „Asyur, Muhammad Thahir at-Tahrir wa at-Tanwir Jilid 1, Tunis: Dar Suhnun, tt Ibrahim, Hasan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam, Jakarta: Kalam Mulia, 2006 Imani, Allamah Kamal Faqih, Tafsir Nurul Qur`an, terj. Nur al-Qur`an: an Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur`an Jilid 5, terj. Sri Dwi Hastuti dan Rudy Mulyono, (Jakarta: al-Huda, 2004).

Iskandar, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, (Jakarta: Gaung Persada Press, 2009) Jalal, Abdul Ulumul Qur`an, (Surabaya: Dunia Ilmu, 2000)

Russell, Bertrand Source: The Ethics of War Author(s): International Journal of Ethics , Jan., 1915, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jan., 1915), pp. 127- 142 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2376578 JSTOR

M. Hanafi, Muchlis Asbabun Nuzul (Kronologi dan Sebab Turun Wahyu Al- Qur`an), Jakarta: Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur`an, 2015 M.M. Al-A‟zami, Sejarah Teks Al-Qur`an dari wahyu sampai Kompilasi, terj. The History of The Qur`anic Text: from Revelation to Compilation ,terj. Sohirin Solihin, dkk, Depok: Mattson, Ingrid Ulumul Qur`an Zaman Kita (Pengantar untuk Memahami Konteks, Kisah dan Sejarah Al-Qur`an) terj. The Story of the Qur`an, terj. R. Cecep Lukman Yasin, Jakarta: penerbitzaman, 2013).

Miswanto, Agus Seri Studi Islam Agama, Keyakinan, dan Etika, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Studi Islam Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang (P3SI UMM, 2012).

Munawwir, Ahmad Warson, al-Munawwir, Surabaya: Pustaka Progressif, 2002 Muthahhari, Murtadha Tafsir Surat-surat Pilihan (Mengisi Hidup dengan Surah-surah Penuh Berkah),terj. Durus min Al-Qur`an, terj. Hasan Rahmat dan Ms Nasrullah, (Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 2000).

Muzakki, Akhmad Dialektika Gaya Bahasa Al-Qur`an dan Budaya Arab Pra Islam Sebuah kajian Sosiologo Bahasa, Jurnal Islamica, vol. 2. No. 1, September 2007, Nashir, Abdurrahman bin, Tafsir Al-Qur`an, terj. Tafsir al-Karim ar-Rahman fi Tafsir Kalam al-Mannan, terj. Muhammad Iqbal, dkk, (Jakarta: Darul Haq, 2016)

Nourmohammadi Najafabadi Mohammad, Teori Perang Adil dan Etika di kalangan Muslim (Berdasarkan ādāb al-Harbs), Sejarah dan peradaban Islam, Volume 14, Nomor 1 - Edisi Seri 27 Musim Semi dan Musim Panas (Portal Jami’ ‘Ulum Insani Tehran, 1397/2018).

Sayed Mahdi, Ahmadi Nik Jenis Penyebab Wahyu dalam Narasi Sekte, (Universitas Ilmu Islam Razavi, , Musim semi dan musim panas, 2012).

Shiroodi, Morteza Perang, jenis, motif dan perang yang dipaksakan Serambi Pikiran No.46, (Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2005).

Shihab, M. Quraish, Kaidah Tafsir, (Tangerang: Lentera Hati, 2013).

Shihab, M. Quraish, Membumikan Al-Qur`an (Fungsi dan Peran Wahyu dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat), (Bandung: Mizan, 2009).

Shihab, M. Quraish, Tafsir al-Mishbah (Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian Al- Qur`an) (Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2002). , Siri dan Wafiroh, Nihayatul, Filsafat, Etika, dan Kearifan Lokal untuk Konstruksi Moral Kebangsaan, (Geneva: Globethics.net, 2013).

Tusi, Al-Tabyan, vol. 5, dan Tabarsi, Majma 'al-Bayan, vol. 5, dan Allameh Tabatabai, Al-Mizan, vol. 9 Tafsir Fakhr Razi, vol. 16

Thabathab‟i, Sayyid Muhammad Husain, Tafsir al-Mizan, terj. Al-Mizan: an Exegesis of Qur`an Volume 1, terj. Ilyas Hasan, (Jakarta: Lentera, 2010)

Zulfikar, Faisal Konsep Perang dalam Islam, dalam al Qisthâs; Jurnal Hukum dan Politik VII, no. 1, Januari-Juni 2016